Prevention of Water Hammer at Valve Closing

Water hammer due to valve closing is unfortunately a common risk as valve closing dramatically reduces flow – “blocking” the water path. In this short blog, we look at the problem and recommended solutions.

Problem:

Water hammer caused by valve slamming at closing. 

• Valve: IR-2″-100 series, commanded by external pressure (no specific application is detailed)
• Working pressure: 50 meters / 73 psi
• Command pressure: Not specified
• Flow: 4 l/s (14.4 m3/h) / 63.4 gpm
• Flow velocity: 2m/s / 6.5 f/s  

Possible Cause:

Based on available information, slamming is assumed to be caused by one or both of the following reasons:

•  Command pressure is much higher than valve inlet pressure
• Pneumatic command 

Solution:

We propose adding feature #49  (upstream pressure rise prevention at closure) to existing control loop shown in the illustration below:

Pilot will restrict flow into control chamber as pressure upstream climbs towards set point (cutting it completely if it rises above set point).

Features & Benefits: 

• Dynamic closing speed in responds to pressure rise (higher upstream pressure = bigger flow restriction through the pilot and slower closing speed)
• Closing maneuver freeze if upstream pressure rises above set point (pilot will momentarily cut command pressure flow until upstream pressure returns to permitted values)
• Closing maneuver resumes once upstream pressure drops below set point.
• Unrestrained closing speed during most of actuator’s stroke – minimum effect on total closing maneuver duration (as long as upstream pressure remains within normal parameters, closing speed is unrestricted, unlike a solution based on a needle valve which restrains flow regardless of pressure fluctuations)
• Lower risk of loop clogging (for small control chamber displacement volume – a solution based on needle valve will offer very narrow flow through cross section that can clog by particles smaller than loop inlet filter. A pilot will only reduce passage upon pressure rise, opening  the pass once pressure stabilizes, washing trapped particles out of the loop)

 Setting Considerations: 

• In 3 way loop with remote control – Pilot setting should be higher than maximum static upstream pressure (to allow valve opening) – if not additional elements should be added to control loop
• Pilot setting should be lower than nominal pressure of the installation (defined by the lowest pressure rating element installed upstream of the valve)

 Control Loops:

This can be achieved using 3 different pilots – all equipped with remote sensing: 

1. PC-2-R: 2 way pressure reducing with remote sensing
2. #2PB-R: 2 way pressure reducing pilot with remote sensing
3. PC-S-R: 2/3 way servo pilot with remote sensing 

The loops below show the solution using PC-2-R or #2PB-R, with local or remote control (command pressure is external in both cases).

Interested in learning how flow control valves maintain a constant pre-set maximum flow regardless of fluctuating demand or varying system pressure? Read the blog to learn more about the valves and flow control applications in irrigation systems.